9. Income Taxes

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $117.9 million, $26.7 million and $16.0 million of federal, state and foreign net operating losses, respectively. The federal net operating losses will begin to expire in 2030, the state net operating losses will begin to expire in 2039 and the foreign net operating losses begin to expire in 2027. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has federal and state research and development tax credit carryforwards of $2.4 million and $0.4 million available to reduce future tax liabilities which will begin to expire in 2035 and 2032, respectively. Realization of the deferred tax asset is contingent on future taxable income and based upon the level of historical losses, management has concluded that the deferred tax asset does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold for realizability. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance continues to be recorded against the Company’s deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2025 and 2024. The valuation allowance increased $3.2 million during the year ended September 30, 2025 and decreased $0.6 million during the year ended September 30, 2024.

Sonnet BioTherapeutics Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Due to the change in ownership provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, the availability of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations, against taxable income in future periods, which could substantially limit the eventual utilization of such carryforwards. The Company has not analyzed the historical or potential impact of its equity financings on beneficial ownership and therefore no determination has been made whether the net operating loss carryforwards are subject to any Internal Revenue Code Section 382 limitation. To the extent there is a limitation, there would be a reduction in the deferred tax assets with an offsetting reduction in the valuation allowance.

When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit will more likely-than-not be realized. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more-likely-than-not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. The Company recognizes interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes in its consolidated statements of operations. No unrecognized tax benefits have been recorded.

The tax effects of the temporary differences that gave rise to deferred taxes were as follows:

 Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

During the year ended September 30, 2025, the Company sold New Jersey state net operating losses in the amount of $8.1 million and unused New Jersey state research and development tax credits in the amount of $0.1 million, resulting in the recognition of other income of $0.7 million in the consolidated statement of operations. During the year ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold New Jersey state net operating losses in the amount of $49.4 million and unused New Jersey state research and development tax credits in the amount of $0.3 million, resulting in the recognition of other income of $4.4 million in the consolidated statement of operations.

Sonnet BioTherapeutics Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company recorded foreign income tax expense of $0.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2025 and no income tax expense for the year ended September 30, 2024. A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory federal income tax rate and income taxes as reflected in the consolidated financial statements is as follows:

 Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

In August 2022, the U.S. enacted the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”). The IRA contains a number of tax-related provisions that were effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, including a corporate alternative minimum tax of 15% on certain large corporations and an excise tax of 1% on corporate stock repurchases. The various provisions of the IRA did not result in a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

On July 4, 2025, the U.S. enacted the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “Act”), which contains a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, including extending or reinstating certain provisions of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, tax relief measures, modifications of certain energy tax credits granted under the IRA and limits on various tax deductions, among other key provisions. The Company is currently evaluating the full effects of the Act and does not anticipate a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.